In this study, the morphological, mineralogical, physical and chemical properties of three soil profiles, having different pedological development on the same parent material, were determined and relationships between their physical properties and mineralogical properties were investigated. According to this study’s results, three soil profiles were classified as Vertik Ustorthent, Typic Haplustept and Vertic Calciustept. The results of mineralogical analysis showed that montmorillonite in the 2: 1 type expanding smectite group is the dominant clay mineral and there is a small amount of kaolinite and nontronite clay minerals. Liquid limit and plastic limit of genetic horizons of soils were determined between 48-63% and 25-37%, respectively. The highest liquid limit and plastic limit values in surface horizon were found in Vertik Ustorthent whereas, the lowest values were determined for Vertic Calciustept. According to USCS (Unified Soil Classification System) classification, all soils were classified as high plasticity, inorganic clay (CH) and as moderate plasticity, inorganic clay (CL). In addition, mineralogical test results, values obtained as a result of index properties, and swelling evaluations obtained with the extension of soil properties has been found to be compatible. Besides, pedalogical development (cambic horizon) cannot be said to have much effect on the mineralogical and physical properties of soils.

In this study, the morphological, mineralogical, physical and chemical properties of three soil profiles, having different pedological development on the same parent material, were determined and relationships between their physical properties and mineralogical properties were investigated. According to this study’s results, three soil profiles were classified as Vertik Ustorthent, Typic Haplustept and Vertic Calciustept. The results of mineralogical analysis showed that montmorillonite in the 2: 1 type expanding smectite group is the dominant clay mineral and there is a small amount of kaolinite and nontronite clay minerals. Liquid limit and plastic limit of genetic horizons of soils were determined between 48-63% and 25-37%, respectively. The highest liquid limit and plastic limit values in surface horizon were found in Vertik Ustorthent whereas, the lowest values were determined for Vertic Calciustept. According to USCS (Unified Soil Classification System) classification, all soils were classified as high plasticity, inorganic clay (CH) and as moderate plasticity, inorganic clay (CL). In addition, mineralogical test results, values obtained as a result of index properties, and swelling evaluations obtained with the extension of soil properties has been found to be compatible. Besides, pedalogical development (cambic horizon) cannot be said to have much effect on the mineralogical and physical properties of soils.

This study was conducted to determine some agricultural properties of some local durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) genotypes, belonging to Southeast Anatolia Region, compared to modern cultivated varieties. In the study, 21 standard durum wheat genotypes and 4 standard varieties were used as plant material. The study was carried out in Kiziltepe district of Mardin province in 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 growing seasons. The genotypes used were evaluated for some morphological and physiological parameters. According to two-year average data; the differences between genotypes and years were found to be statistically significant, whereas genotype x year interaction was found to be insignificant in all of the characters. Grain yield ranged between 201-347 kg da-1; spike number was 190-349 spike m-2; grain number per spike was 20.83-38.80 grain spike-1; and spike length was between 6.33-10.08 cm, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the varieties in terms of normalized vegetation index (NDVI), chlorophyll content (SPAD value), leaf area index (YAI) value, vegetation temperature (BOS) values which are accepted as physiological parameters. According to the results of correlation analysis, statistically significant and high correlations between grain yield (GY), number of spikes m-2 and biological yield (biomass), and between LAI value, SPAD value and NDVI values were found.

This study was carried out in Diyarbakir ecological conditions in 1995-96 and 1996-97 vegetation years. Diyar-95 chickpea variety was used in the study. In the study, the effects of 5 different sowing times (November 15, December 15, January 15, February 15 and March 15) and 5 different sowing frequency (22.2, 27.7, 33.3, 38.8 and 44.4 plant m-2) on some agricultural properties of Diyar-95 chickpea variety were investigated. The experiment was established with four replications according to the Divided Plots in Random Blocks. In the experiment, sowing times were placed into main parcels and sowing frequencies into sub-parcels. According to the two-year averages, yield per plant for different sowing times was found between 6.81-13.65 g, number of pod was between 16.77-28.56 plant-1, number of seeds per plant was between 14.83-29.00, number of seeds per pod was between 0.89-1.03, biological yield was between 229.7-444.4 kg da-1, harvest index was between 47.58-49.82% and 100 seed weight was between 39.08-41.78 g. For different sowing densities, yield per plant was between 9.00-13.19 g, number of pods per plant was between 19.18-28.36, number of seeds per plant was between 18.25-27.90, number of seeds per pod was between 0.94-0.99, biological yield was between 307.4-400.9 kg da-1, harvest index was between 47.48-49.75% and 100 seed weight was found between 40.03-41.73 g. As a result of the two-year study, it was concluded that Diyar-95 chickpea variety can be cultivated in winter in Diyarbakir ecological conditions and planting with a density of 44.4 plants per square meter would be appropriate for cultivation.

The classification of living creatures and the demarcation of living units have been one of the most complex problems encountered as a result of observing experimental and systematic information. For this purpose, researchers have tried to determine the diversity of living creatures by developing many theories and methods. Although the nuclear genome barcode regions contain much more information than the barcode regions of plastid, they do not have enough information to compare different plant groups when barcoding with a single locus. A single barcode region that can be used in all plant species is not yet available, and therefore, the use of different barcode regions may increase the distinguishing power of species. Main objective of this study was to determine gene, gene region and numbers of genes suitable for plant molecular phylogentic studies. In this study, matK, and trnH-psbA barcode genes were used to evaluate the phylogenetic relationship of 60 plant species belonging to 15 different plant families. Sequences were aligned with MAFFT (Multiple Alignment Using Fast Fourier Transform) software and a consensus phylogenetic tree was constructed by the Bayesian method. Results indicated that matK gene was much more suitaable in comparison to trnH-psbA region since the use of matK produced trees with higher posterior probability values. However, further studies clearly showed that increased number of genes produced much better phylogenetic estimations.

In this study, the total pesticide residue levels of 42 fruit and vegetable samples (grape leaves (Vitis vinifera), strawberry (Fragaria ananassa), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), cherry (Prunus avium), peach (Prunus persica), zucchini (Cucurbita pepo), eggplant (Solanum melongena), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), grape (Vitis vinifera), pepper (Capsicum annuum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), orange (Citrus sinensis), pomegranate (Punica granatum) and lemon (Citrus limon) collected from Buca, Bornova and Karsiyaka farmers markets in Izmir province were investigated. The samples were extracted with QuEChERS method, and pesticide active substances were determined in LC-MS / MS and GC / MS instruments. According to the analysis results, the residue levels were evaluated according to Turkish Food Codex and EU MRLs. According to the results obtained, while boscalid and dimethomorph, a fungicide derivative in the grapevine leaf, were at very high values, the myclobutanil and penconazole were close to the limit values. Fenvalarate and esfenvalarate derivatives, which are insecticides in orange, were at high values. In lemon, insecticides chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and pyriproxyfen were observed at high values, while fenvalarate and esfenvalarate were found near to border values. In other samples, pesticide values remained below the limit levels and were not even observed. There were no pesticide residues on 35 of the 42 samples examined.

This study was carried out to determine appropriate sowing time for some silage maize varieties grown as the main product in Bingöl ecological conditions in 2016 and 2017 cultivation seasons. In the study, field trials were established according to divided parcels in randomized blocks design with 3 replications. Two silage maize cultivars (30B74 ve Burak) were placed on main parcels, and 6 different sowing dates were placed on sub-parcels. In the study, data for plant height, plant stalk diameter, cob ratio, leaf ratio, and stalk ratio in plant, green herbage yield and dry herbage yield were investigated. Significant differences were obtained in terms of the traits examined in the study. According to two-year averages; plant height 248.7-282.7 cm, plant stalk diameter 19.9-22.6 mm, cob ratio 30.3-35.1%, leaf ratio 15.2-18.1%, stalk ratio 48.8-53.1%, green herbage yield 7110-9987 kg da-1 and dry herbage yield were changed between 2078-2514 kg da-1. As a result of the correlation analysis; important and positive correlations, between green herbage yield and plant height and leaf ratio; between dry herbage yield and plant height, stalk diameter, leaf ratio and green herbage yield; between plant height and leaf ratio, were determined. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the most suitable sowing date could be the second half of April in silage corn cultivation as the main product in Bingöl ecological conditions, and 30B74 silage corn variety could be suggested for cultivation.

The aim of this study was to determine the direct and indirect effects of factors affecting land prices. The data of the study were collected through questionnaires in Ladik District of Samsun Province, Turkey in 2018. In the study, the factors that directly and indirectly affected the price of land were determined by using path analysis. While the factors that affected land price positively were yield and irrigation, the factors that affected land price negatively were stoniness, slope and distance from village and main road. The most important variable that affected land price directly was the distance from the main road (60%), the variable that most affected land price indirectly was stony soil (69%). The direct effect of yield on the land price was 44% and the indirect effect was 56%. The direct effect of irrigation was 38% and the indirect effect was 62%. The study also determined that 45% of the indirect effect of irrigation was due to increased productivity. Explaining the direct and indirect effects of the factors affecting the land price will make a significant contribution to scientific and objective land valuation studies. In addition, the results obtained can be used as an auxiliary element for land valuation methods.

tr en The aim of this study was to capture the Tropinota hirta, fed in the flowers of the Red Chief, Williams Pride and Braeburn apple varieties with traps in Isparta province in 2017-2018, and to compare the damage rate and effect of varieties on trapped and untrapped trees. In the study, the experiments were carried out with five replications. In the study, light blue colored funnel traps with water and attractant (E) -cinnamyl alcohol and [(E) -anethol 1:1 ratio were used. As a result, for all varieties in both 2017 and 2018, it was determined that the number of flowers in the control trees was more than in the trapped ones. The reason for this is that the insects are attracted to the traps by the colors, water, and attractors on trees, and caused more damage to the flowers of trapped trees. These results show that traps can be hung farther from the trees, making catching adults more convenient. In the year of 2017, Williams Pride variety had the highest number of flowers, followed by Braeburn and the lowest number of flowers compared to others were obtained on Red Chief. Similar results were obtained in varieties where the trap was not hung and only the flowers were counted. In 2018, the ranking of the most flowers was changed by the Red Chief, and then by Braeburn, and by least by Williams Pride. This is thought to be due to the differentiation of the flower buds of that year or the climate conditions of the previous year.

This research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of some Trichoderma species against Fusarium oxysporum causing Chickpea wilt disease under in vitro and in vivo conditions between 2017 and 2018. On the experiment conducted in PDA medium by using dual culture technique with an incubation at 22 ± 24ºC against two isolates of F. oxysporum (N5 and N7), the most effective isolates were T. hamatum ÖT 16, T. asperellum ÖT1, T. strigosum LO43, T. gamsii VG47, and T. gamsii VG48, respectively. In vivo experiment was carried out by applying an antagonist to chickpea seeds at artificially contaminated soil. Trichoderma affected pathogen in different rates. The most effective isolates were T. hamatum ÖT16, T. viride VG18, and T. gamsii VG47, respectively. In the study, it was concluded that Trichoderma is effective in biological control against chickpea wilt disease.

This study was carried out in 2017-2018 with the aim of determining the performances of Mondial Gala, Red Chief, Golden Delicious, Braeburn and Granny Smith apple varieties grafted on MM.106 semi-dwarf apple rootstock, by taking phenological observation and pomological characteristics into account, under Kirsehir conditions. In the study, harvest dates with bud blossom, bud burst, first flowering, full bloom and end of flowering were determined as phenological observations. Pomological characteristics, fruit weight (g), fruit width and length (mm), soluble solids content (TSSC), fruit flesh firmness (kg cm-2), pH, number of seeds (pieces) and seed weight (g), fruit stalk length and thickness (mm) and color values were determined. Phenological observations; In 2018 flower buds were awakened 1 week earlier than in 2017. Fruit weight in the examined varieties, 163.31-215.00 g, fruit width 71.10-77.33 mm, fruit size 63.20-71.26 mm, soluble solids content (TSSC) 11.16%-15.41%, fruit flesh firmness 4.72-6.14 kg cm-2, pH 3.31-4.03, number of seeds 6.75-9.35 pcs, seed weight 0.35-0.59 g, fruit stalk length 24.80-35.87 mm, fruit stalk thickness 1.79-2.74 mm, fruit skin color L value 19.50-78.86, a value -21.01-43.24, and b value was changed between 10.10-51.24. Considering the phenological observations and pomological characteristics, it is concluded that apple varieties such as Mondial Gala, Red Chief, Golden Delicious, Braeburn and Granny Smith are suitable for Kirsehir ecological conditions.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the appropriate planting time in some potato varieties in the climate conditions of Siirt province. The study was carried out in Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Research and Application Field between the years of 2017-2018. In this study, Alegria, Borvina and Soraya potatoes varieties were used as plant material. In terms of planting times, 5 different planting times (February 14, March 05, March 27, April 16 and May 04 in 2017, and February 16, March 05, March 25, April 16 and May 02 in 2018) were discussed. In the study, field trials were carried out with 4 replications according to divided parcels in randomized blocks design. In the study, some agricultural parameters such as tuber yield per square kilometer, the number of tubers per plant, tuber weight per plant and average tuber weight were examined. According to the results of the study, it was found that planting time and variety selection in potato farming had a significant effect on yield, where the parameters examined react to even small changes in temperature, and it was determined that the highest yield was obtained from the plantings in March. In the study, the highest tuber yield in both years (4001.38 and 3066.13 kg da-1, respectively) was obtained from Soraya variety. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the planting of potatoes should be made in March in Siirt province and in similar climatic conditions and Soraya variety could easily be suggested.

Spatial variability of soil properties which vary greatly depending on land use, parent material and topography significantly affects soil fertility, quality, and overall sustainability. This study was carried out to determine and map the spatial variability of some of soil properties in Gökhöyük Agricultural Farm, which is approximately 1900 ha, and to identify the problems that may affect the sustainable use of the land and to propose solutions. For this purpose, soil samples representing the study area were collected from 63 points and 4 different depths (0-30, 30-60, 60-90 and 90-120) along with 19 water samples from 1.5-2.0 m depths. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, clay, sand, silt contents and hydraulic conductivity values of soil samples, and pH and EC values of the groundwater samples were determined from 19 points. The general status and spatial variability of soil properties studied were characterized by classical statistics and geostatistical methods. According to the results of the study, the hydraulic conductivity values (<20 mm h-1) were found to be very low in both surface and subsoil soils having high clay content. The pH values, which have a significant effect on plant nutrient availability, were higher than 8.5 at all depths in a significant portion of the study area. The EC values of soils (60-120 cm depth) located in the middle part of the study area were high (>4 dS m-1), to be considered as problematic. The EC values of water samples in this location were above 20 dS m-1. Highly saline ground water that transported to the soil surface with capillarity in the dry and hot seasons can harm the productivity function of soils. Spatial distribution maps of the soil properties will enable to make the accurate decisions which will contribute to the development of plant production and improvement of soil quality in the farm land.

In organic ruminant product system, high quality hay, produced in organic agriculture, is a great need. One of the factors that negatively affect quality of roughage production is weeds. This study was prepared to provide information about the weed control in organic roughage production. Because chemical herbicide use in organic farming is not allowed, there is no chance to use herbicide to control weeds. Therefore, weeds should be suppressed by different methods. As known quality roughage is obtained from meadow-pasture lands and forage crops grown in field. In the forage crops agriculture, first of all, it is necessary to sow to the field free of weeds and to use high quality seed. When forage plants were sown at the field where cereal or hoe plants was grown as previous crop, weeds are less problem. In the perennial species, planting with a companion crop is also effective in weed control. In pasture lands, weeds can be controlled with following grazing management principles and grazing planning. In addition, some pasture improvement methods can be effective in combating weeds.